The development history and application of glasses~

The origin and development of glasses
my country’s glasses have a long history. Both Chinese and foreign historical records record that glasses first originated in China and are the heritage of my country’s ancient culture, medical treatment, and skills. Its development and changes have experienced thousands of years of history.
We say that glasses were passed from China to foreign countries, and there is a history that can be found at the end of the 13th century. In Western countries, glasses first appeared at the end of the 13th century. At that time there was an Italian named Marco Pol6 (Marco Pol6). He had lived in a small country for 17 years. He worked for the courts of the Yuan Dynasty and traveled all over China. At that time, he saw someone wearing glasses in the courts of the Yuan Dynasty. He was very impressed by this. Interest, he spread the glasses to the West when he returned to China, so the first place to make glasses in the West was Marco Polo’s hometown, Venice. In addition, Marco Polo’s travel notes also contain records of elderly people wearing glasses to read novels and small print.
The most primitive glasses originated from lenses (magnifying glasses), and their manufacture and application are closely related to the emergence of optical lenses. According to legend, the principle of optical refraction, which was originally discovered that glasses can magnify the image of an object, was accidentally discovered in daily life. At that time, someone saw a mosquito caught in a drop of rosin resin crystal. Through the rosin crystal ball, he saw that the mosquito was very large, which inspired people to understand the role of optical refraction, and then used natural crystal to polish it. A convex lens is used to magnify tiny objects to solve people’s vision difficulties. This is the shape-dimensional period of glasses in our country.
According to “The Best of the World”: “In 2283 BC, the Chinese emperor observed the stars through lens meters. Glasses were passed from China to foreign countries. According to Confucius (551 BC to 79 BC), China was there at that time. Some people wear glasses made of crystals and other transparent minerals to heal their eyes or protect them from sunlight.
Preliminary research: Regarding the history of lenses and glasses, as early as the Warring States Period (2300 years ago), my country’s Mozi has l5 volumes. The book contains many discussions about light and flat mirrors, convex mirrors, and concave mirrors. . In the Three Concave Century BC, the ancients of our country used lenses to make fire. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng discovered the initial causes of the lunar eclipse and the lunar eclipse, also with the help of lenses.
The oldest glasses in China are round monocles made of water or transparent minerals (now magnifying glasses). Legend has it that Zhu Zhishan, a great writer in the shop, used such glasses. Someone used crystal mirrors to cover the sun in the Song Dynasty. To improve eyesight.
It has been called “glasses” since the Ming Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century, my country was able to use the refractive index of crystals to make glasses to help solve the problem of insufficient eyesight, but there were not many people wearing glasses at that time. During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty (AD 14!6-1435), “single shot” mirrors (similar to the current magnifying glass) began to be available. In view of the processing technology at that time, only reading glasses were circulated in the palace, and the emperor often gave them as imperial products. The elderly minister to correct the defect of presbyopia. Since then, glasses have entered human life. In the future, for ease of use, some of the lenses are sewn on the hat, and some are installed in the iron ring.
The double lens mounted on the bridge of the nose did not appear until the 16th century, and the two ends of the frame were tied with strings and hung on the ears. In the future, the production of spectacle frames has been continuously improved, gradually changing from complex to simple, from rough to exquisite. Frames include paper circles, patent leather, noon corners, tortoise shells, copper circles, etc.
These different spectacle frames extended to the late Qing Dynasty and began to be replaced by spectacle feet, which were both beautiful and convenient, and even the trend toward wearing glasses (flat mirrors) appeared. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Li Xingnan’s “Zhongjiang Zhuzhang Ci” scarf had the phrase “the youth is endlessly romantic, Li Cong obliquely looks at the pink makeup”, which means that people in the south of the Yangtze River are fashionable to wear glasses. The above colored glasses conceal their shame.
The evolution of the selection and form of the limited lens in my country has changed with the progress of the times and the development of industry and handicraft production. From the evolution of the form of glasses and the frame (frame), the oldest glasses in our country have only one lens, no frame, and handheld use. Later, for the convenience of hand-holding, the lens was fixed on a single-handle frame with wood (later metal) as the frame, and it was still used as a hand-held (such as today’s single-handle magnifying glass. At the time of the Ming Dynasty, Xiaoguo Gusu (now Suzhou) ) The lens made of crystal in the area of ​​Shangshan Mountain is mounted on a single-handle copper frame, called single-fear glasses. Suzhou is the flourishing place of crystal glasses production in my country.
With the progress and development of the times, due to the inconvenience of single-handle glasses, the two single-lens lenses are connected together by pin or riveting at the beginning. Or on the hat, you can also use pressure to clamp it on the bridge of the nose. The oldest frames (frames) are made of wood, paper, animal keratin, leather, and tortoiseshell materials. Later, the Han Dynasty adopted gold materials such as copper, iron, gold, silver and various modern alloys. Gold-plated, gold-clad, K gold, stainless steel and plastic materials. Early glasses were round or oval in shape, and some had only a frame without legs; some had legs and did not look like modern glasses.
For example: the footless frame is foldable: (that is, the legs of the footless frame are also foldable: the frame of the footless frame is made of paper, and the painting is also very particular. It can be hung on the belt as an ornament, and its styles are round and oval. (As shown in Figure 1 and 2) In addition, there are mirror sleeves and mirror bags for glasses, which are mainly used to protect the glasses and facilitate carrying.
The formation and development of my country’s glasses industry can be roughly divided into three historical development stages.
The formation of industry gangs in the Ming and Qing dynasties
In the history of our country (about 14-17 centuries), with the development of individual handicrafts, the materials used for spectacles developed from natural spar to the use of glass, and the use of spectacles began to be promoted and expanded to the private sector, and there were new developments in production technology.
Gusu (Suzhou), my country, is the birthplace of China’s glasses. Suzhou has a long history of producing glasses, and it has greatly promoted the development of my country’s glasses industry. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1628>, the history of Suzhou glasses, there was an outstanding technician named Sun Yunqiu with the word Wenyu and Sibin, who was originally from Wujiang. He was diligent and studious since he was a child. At that time, he saw vision. Unhealthy people are very painful, but “single shot” mirrors are not convenient to use. So he developed a lens that can be worn on the eyes. After repeated experiments, he used mechanical principles to invent and create Lens grinding machine-drago. This kind of drago is the so-called water orange processed by the classical method. Convex-concave lens to meet the needs of eye refraction, finally mastered the “grinding lens” technology. Using natural crystal stone to polish the lens. At the same time, he also mastered the “light”.
Now called optometry), according to people’s age and different eyesight, we have developed presbyopia, nearsightedness, hyperopia and other types of lenses and various luminosity lenses, and compiled a set of “eye to lens” original optometry method. Used to inspect the project environment. In this way, the glasses can be fitted with the eye, the effect is not bad, and it is more convenient and comfortable to wear on the face to meet the needs of everyone’s vision. This is the beginning of our country’s subjective optometry.
later. Sun Yunqiu also invented and developed optical lenses for different purposes, including dozens of different types of optical lenses, including florid mirrors, mandarin duck mirrors, magnifying glasses, polygon mirrors, and phantom mirrors. Since then, Sun Yunqiu’s glasses have become famous all over the world. It is a pity that such a talented technical talent passed away at the age of 33. But he left a scientific and technological work titled n4 “Mirror History). It plays an immeasurable role in promoting future generations of glasses manufacturing technology.
After Sun Yunqiu, in the Qianlong and Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, there was another talent in Suzhou who made glasses, named Chu Sanshan. He further developed the technology of making glasses, which was quite influential.
Two outstanding technical talents, Sun Yunqiu and Chu Sanshan, were born in Suzhou, which promoted the formation and development of the Suzhou glasses industry at that time. In 1735, a workshop dedicated to the production of glasses had appeared in Suzhou.
In the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the production and sales of glasses had flourished in Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other places. Glasses have become a specialized commodity.
2. The rise of the glasses industry in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China
Since the Opium War in 840, Western optician technology has been passed down to our country, opening up a new path for the stubbornness of the glasses industry. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the Englishman J. Hn Goddard (J. hn Goddard) who opened the “Golden Foreign Company” in Shanghai to specialize in machine-grinding ophthalmoscopes. Later other foreigners followed. For example, TobiM opened the “Mingjing Foreign Company”, and the British Jewish Remolden (Ram5 than n) opened the “Leimon Foreign Company” and so on.
Since then, by the year of 19, the “China Lean Glasses Company” was established in the “Golden International” Chinese fund-raising. Due to the opening of the Lean Glasses Company, my country’s optical industry has made new developments. Especially in terms of optometry and glasses, there have been great reforms:
①Started to abolish the long-standing “contrast brand” optometry glasses in the old-style shops, and adopted the optometry technology that combines subject and object.
⑨The method of making lenses by manual operation was eliminated, mechanical grinding processing equipment was installed, and grinding technology was developed. At this time, not only could it grind lenses of different properties and specifications, but also began to self-produce various types of lens frames (frames). ).
③In terms of inspection, grinding, cutting, assembly, correction, manufacturing and other technologies, due to the adoption of some foreign new technologies and equipment, it has cultivated a generation of professional talents for making glasses, which will soon form a new team for my country’s glasses industry. The technical team has laid a solid foundation.
As the glasses produced by Lean Optical Company adapted to the needs of the people of our country, and the price was lower than that of foreign brands, it soon occupied the market across the country and opened branches in various places. By the time of the First World War, Lean Optical Company had been established in Beijing, Hong Kong, Tianjin, Jinan, Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Hankou, Changsha, Nanchang, Kaifeng, Guangzhou, Chongqing, etc. Eight branches have been opened.
Before the Anti-Japanese War, the products of the Lean Eye Basket Company also won awards at the Panama World Expo. In 1919. Mr. Sun Yat-sen once went to the branch of Guangzhou Jingyi Company for optometry and glasses, and wrote an inscription: “Keep improving”.
Around 1935. In addition to the Lean Glasses Company, Shangmei has also opened several large professional glasses companies, including “Maochang Glasses Company, Wu Liangcai Glasses Company” and so on. These professional glasses are equipped with advanced optometry equipment and special machines for lens processing, grinding and edge cutting.
At the same time, Beijing’s glasses industry has also developed greatly. Beijing has successively opened Shenchang Watches & Glasses. Daming Eyepiece Company (founded in 1937), etc., also have eyeglasses and lens processing workshops in the front shop and the back factory. At the same time, the original old-fashioned production methods of household handicraft workshops have also developed and increased, and their production techniques have been continuously innovated, using some imported materials from abroad, so that the old-style glasses are updated in form. Since then. The glasses industry in Beijing is prosperous, and the glasses trade union was established. Coordinate common issues across the industry. This is the general formation process of the Beijing glasses industry in old China.
3. Changes and leaps in the glasses industry after the founding of New China
Old China. Although the development of the eyewear industry has begun to take shape, and there have been industry organizations such as industry gangs or industry associations, its production and distribution are all private shops and home hand workshops. Most of its products are decorations for the ruling class. , The output is small and the price is high, so the development of slow invasion. Especially the production industry. Until the eve of liberation, there were only a few manufacturers of glasses in the country, all in one family, with as many as 10 JL individual production workers and as few as one or two people, and the production technology was very backward, the product quality was inferior, and the varieties were monotonous for decades. Consistent system.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, guided by the correct line of the party, the production of glasses began to be produced by small family workshops, and gradually to small enterprises organized to produce cooperatively. For example, before co-operation and public-private partnerships in Beijing, there were few optical industries and businesses.
There are nearly a hundred small workshops in the industry, with about 270 employees; there are 39 exclusive and part-time shops in the commerce, with less than 300 employees, of which only ten (ie: Lean, Daming, Dongfang, Jingming, Changming, Siming) , Baolong, Liu Mingzhai, Sun Yongliang Chang Ji)
There are production workshops in the front shop and back factory and the spectacle lens processing workshop attached to the Department of Ophthalmology of Tongren Hospital, with a total of 46 production workers.
With the rapid development of my country’s economic construction, the glasses industry has also been vigorously developed. In terms of industry, major producing areas such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Suzhou all have a certain scale of eyewear production base. For example, Shanghai First Optical Factory, Shanghai Second Optical Factory, Beijing Optical Factory, Beijing 608 Factory, Beijing 603 Factory, Suzhou Optical Factory, etc., have become large-scale backbone enterprises in my country’s optical industry, all of which are national medium-sized enterprises with nearly 1,000 employees. The quantity, quality and supporting capabilities of its production staff rank first in the country. Some products are municipal or national-level high-quality products, and some brand-name products have been exported for many years. Marketing nationwide, well-known at home and abroad.
In addition, some defense industry companies, and some companies in the instrumentation industry have turned to the production and processing of the glasses industry, and the business service department has also continued to expand or increase sales outlets and add optometry equipment and instruments. Some cities also attach great importance to theoretical education. For example, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Chongqing, etc. have also set up short glasses technical training courses and professional technical schools for employees to train a large number of professional and technical talents for the glasses industry.
In April 1985, led by the initiative of the Ministry of Light Industry of the People’s Republic of China, the inaugural meeting of the “China Optical Association” was held in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province. The participating collective member companies totaled 140 relatives, of which 85 were large-scale backbone enterprises, which were under the Ministry of Light Industry, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Machinery Industry, Ministry of Ordnance Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery, Ministry of Health, and National Science and Technology Commission. ; Respectively in 31 cities including 14 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions; a total of 27,237 employees. Among them, there are 1,393 technical personnel: 15 units with more than 500 employees, 29 units with 200-500 employees, 41 units with 200 employees or less. Divided by economic nature: 15 state-owned enterprises, 49 collective enterprises, and township enterprises Io, several Sino-foreign joint ventures. These 85 units have a total net fixed asset value of 145.22 million yuan. The annual production capacity in 1984 was: 20.8 million pairs of frames (including 5.9 million pairs of metal frames). 16.09 million pairs of lenses, 16.94 million pairs of blanks; total output value of 140 million yuan, total sales 900 million yuan. The total profit is 34.49 million yuan, 1.5 million pairs of frames and lenses are exported every year, and the exchange rate is 750,000 US dollars. More than a year after the establishment of the Optical Association, nearly a hundred factories and businessmen have applied to join the Association. By the end of 1986, it had grown to 240 collective member enterprises with a total of more than 30,000 employees.
The development of my country’s glasses industry has gone through thousands of years of development and changes. So far, a large industry with a certain scale and certain supporting production capacity has been formed, and it has become an indispensable part of the entire national economy, and has made due contributions to the country and the people.
The nature and function of glasses
1. What are glasses
The so-called glasses are tools worn on the head, forehead and eyes to beautify the shape of the face, correct vision, and protect the eyes. Glasses are composed of lenses and frames (i.e., frames, legs) (to go out in contact with the glasses). A frame that is meaningless and a frame that is meaningless. The changes in its shape, frame, and legs are due to the changes of the times and the discovery and discovery of new materials and new techniques, and it is a symbol of the works of art of the times.

2. The nature and function of glasses
Glasses are not only a necessity for eye control, but also a kind of cosmetic decoration. In terms of the function of the lens, it can adjust the amount of light entering the eye, increase vision, protect eye safety, and clinically treat eye diseases. It can treat children with strabismus caused by refractive abnormality and patients with refractive abnormalities accompanied by headaches. After wearing glasses Can be treated. The function of the spectacle frame, in addition to the matching of the lenses, the spectacles are worn on the human eyes and play the role of a stent, and they also have beauty and decoration properties. Modern fashionists emphasize that glasses must be in harmony with the facial makeup and clothing of the times, reflecting the social class, elegance, fashion and other symbols. Therefore, the previous summary of the historical status and role of glasses is: “Today’s glasses protect the spiritual window, correcting vision is beneficial to the people.” It basically summarizes the nature and function of glasses.
The so-called “window of soul” is proposed based on the evaluation of the status and role of eyes in the organs of the human body by foreign spectacles circles and ophthalmologists and scholars. Therefore, it is said that glasses are a tool to protect the “window of the soul”.
With the rapid development of social technology, with the continuous improvement of people’s culture and living standards, and the development of vision care, glasses will play an important role in people’s lives.